The gap in sports industry main the difference between customers' expectations and their perceptions of the real situation. Basic steps to bridging these gaps are to identify current situation and desired status and amount of the gap. The aim of this study is to identify the current situation, the ideal situation, and the gaps in the sports industry in terms of hosting major sporting events. a combination of quantitative and qualitative research method was followed to identify the gap factors. To find out qualitative data a Simi-structure interwove with 16 member and for quantitative data 120 member of sports manager of sports federations, Olympic committee, sports ministry and sport management masters were conducted, then 120 gap analysis questionnaires for quantitative data used. The questionnaire validity was confirmed by 25 of the sports management and measurement reliability Cronbach's alpha was 0. 76. Delphi method was used for analyzing qualitative data. For quantitative data, descriptive statistics, mean, SD, analysis of variance and t-test was used. Friedman test was used to rank the factors and identify the gaps. The resulting analysis of data indicates that the current situations are the Social dimension, operational, legal, financial, marketing, science and technology and environmental conditions. Main gaps were identified in the knowledge and technology dimensions. To improve the gap some indications proposed.

As a leading industry in most countries of the world, sport tourism is developing and growing with a predictable space equal to 10 percent in a year. With regard to many capabilities and capacities concerning the attraction of sport tourist to Iran and various sport, economic, social, bioecological and political advantages for the country, the necessity for paying attention to different management issues, marketing and investment in order to develop this modern industry in our country seems necessary and important. Thus, the aim of this research is to study the favorable and present status of sport tourism nationwide for planners and managers. The research method is descriptive of surveying type. Statistical sample of this research includes a group of experts and universities professors as well as high ranking managers into tourism and sports fields in the capital of Iran who had sufficient information and familiarity with sport tourism. While referring to the subjects in person, it was determined that a number of 116 people were able to participate in the research project and finally a number of 101 questioners were gathered after continuous follow-up and the data were studied. The questionnaire was designed to be researcher made and bilateral (favorable and present status) which were used after the verification of content and construct validity (in the present status section KMO=0.91 and in the favorable status KMO=0.89) and reliability (in the present) status and in the favorable status). Based on the results obtained the eight components of sport tourism development, management and coordination, legal and political supports, marketing, infrastructures and facilities, recognizing capabilities and capacities, research, culture making and motivation and training of human resources, in the present and favorable status compared and prioritized and also it was demonstrated that there is a significant difference between the favorable and present status components and the eight components of national sport tourism. It was specified that between the subjects’ points of view and the various majors in physical education, tourism and management and also between the tourism and sports experts’ viewpoints, high ranking managers in the tourism organization and high ranking officials in the sports organizations. Regarding the importance of eight components in the development of sport tourism development, there is not a significant difference. Therefore, in sport tourism accomplishing development and taking advantage of various benefits while achieving the favorable status in the world, without proper management and planning is not possible. It seems that the management in this respect requires prerequisites such as understanding the importance of this industry by the people and authorities, recognizing capabilities and capacities, infrastructure development as well as the presence of expert human resources and performing further research.

Purpose: The future of the construction industry is increasingly influenced by new technologies. In order to adopt appropriate strategies in facing new technologies, it is necessary to know the possible futures of the construction industry. This research was done with the aim of explaining the technological uncertainties and compiling the future scenarios of the construction industry.  Method: The research method is applied and was carried out with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the library study was used to determine the technological drivers, then the Structural Analysis was used to explain the technological uncertainties, and finally, the Schwartz method was used to compile the scenarios. The statistical population is experts of construction industry. Findings: Nine technological uncertainties affecting the future of the construction industry have been identified and for each of them, three states of decline, stagnation and progress have been considered. Data analysis by Scenario Wizard shows eight probable scenarios. The portfolio of scenarios including four groups of progress scenarios, towards progress, towards stagnation, and towards wane has been compiled. Conclusion: In the progress scenario, the 89% of uncertainties have developed. In  towards progress, 56% of the factors are in the development status, which indicates the development of the technological factor application. In the stagnation scenario, no progress has been made in the application of uncertainties and they are in a static state. In towards wane, uncertainties have been placed in a situation of reduced use.

Economic outcomes of direct and indirect effects of sport in development have attracted much attention to this industry. In line with other fields, it is a necessity to strive for resistive economy policy in difficult conditions in order to convert threats into opportunities. Knowing that this fact requires a roadmap for the implementation of resistive economy in sport, the present study aimed at explaining the implementation of resistive economy in sport industry. Using qualitative content analysis method, in-depth interviews with experts in the field of economy and sports were explored. 17 elites and experts of sport economy and university professors who were selected by purposive sampling method were referred to. According to the results, a three-level model including infrastructure optimization, retrofitting, and salience was proposed to implement resistive economy in the sport industry. Based on the results, it is necessary to focus on subjective goals in policy-making of implementing resistive economy in sport and attempt should be made to act in a balanced way. Therefore, policies should be developed and implemented so that objectives of infrastructure optimization, retrofitting and salience can be realized and resistive economy policy can be implemented in sport industry and environmental requirements can be met proactively.

sport is one of those tools influencing conducting social forces to realize sustainable development, particularly in communities with high population growth. sport not only allocates lowest cost versus other management costs, but also can create more value-added than the other factors. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic growth model of Iran sport industry by autoregressive distributed lag model for the period from 1974 to 2012. For this purpose, econometric method was implemented using the value-added data on the sport sector, government size, capital and active force of the sport sector, technology and savings. The results of model estimation showed that all the research variables had short-term and long-term positive and significant effects on the economic growth of Iran sport industry. The results also showed that the human resources of sport sector had the highest shortterm and long-term effect on economic growth of the sport industry in Iran. Therefore, it is better to invest in human resources sector for economic growth of the sport industry.

sport marketing mix management is planning & deciding strategic mix of factors that are making clear sport marketing mix. It is very important because of its role in fixing sport trade; and due to its sensitive role in marketing management, managers have spent a lot of time to analyze it. This article proposes modeling the marketing mix in sport industry by path analysis. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 45 components & 92 reliability was prepared (P<0.01).For collecting the data, 108 subjects as the sample of sport marketing clubs at super league matches of 9 sport fields were asked to complete the questionnaire. 98 questionnaires were completed. Lysrel software Ver.8.52 for modeling SPSS software Ver.14 and  a-Kronbakh were used. After collecting the data, concealment factors among 45 components, found in background study, were identified. Results showed that there were 8 factors as the most important factors at the sport marketing mix in industry of IRI. Then the model of the sport marketing mix was made. Due to this model, sponsorship, promotion management, pricing management and powers of market are the independent variables & public relation, process management, place management & brand management are the dependent ones.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-sport). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-sport comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general stress, emotional stress, social stress, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, injury, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-sport. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of improved stress for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of improved stress well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “improved stress for athletes” were confirmed as well.

The main objective of this study was to Strategies and outcomes e-commerce in sport industry. Qualitative study using in-depth interviews with experts in the subject were used to achieve the stated purpose and with the expertise of subject. In this regard, the relevant research in the following areas were identified, including: Officials Marketing Committee, sports federations and sports clubs, sports Marketing Committee of the Ministry of sport and Youth, Experts in the field of e-commerce and faculty members. Interviews conducted purposefully and continued to snowball technique and finally 12 people were interviewed. Finally, the data obtained from interviews given by Ground theory and through three stages open, axial and selective coding were analyzed. The open coding results in identification sign and further analysis result of open coding at the Strategies have been identified in 4 areas so that cover internal and external challenges of e-commerce in the sports industry of the country. These areas were included: Management, Legal –,Civil, Technical and cultural-social. Finally, Outcomes that were largely consistent, include the identification of strategies like: Economic Development, Legal, structural and cultural.

The aim of this study was to recognize areas and infrastructures of Iran sport industry and to make management decisions based on them. A researcher-made questionnaire with 71 items was used. Its content validity was confirmed by 5 experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0. 953). Exploratory factor analysis was used for construct validity, to identify areas and to estimate the factor loadings. The sample included 263 subjects from 4 groups (lecturers, sport experts, coaches, athletes/champions). Based on the research methods (exploratory factor analysis, and KMO=0. 84), the sample size was appropriate. To analyze the data, mean, variance analysis, and exploratory factor analysis with SPSS version 21 software were used. The arears in Iran sport industry were classified into 18 categories: facilities and equipment, sport organizations, trade, event, tourism, human resources, goods and services, marketing, sport medicine, economic activity, government, etc. Therefore, attention to the factor loadings of each infrastructure is helpful for managers in making decisions and determining the status of each area and relevant infrastructures so that managers will be able to identify the status of each area in order to plan and promote it.

Coronavirus epidemic around the world has had many positive and negative effects on communities and their activities. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of coronavirus outbreak on Iran sport industry. The present study was applied in terms of objectives. The research approach was qualitative, which was conducted by the systematic method of grounded theory. The statistical population of the present study included university professors and experts, manufacturers of sporting goods, heads, supervisors and secretaries of sport federations, managers of premier league sport clubs, managers, deputies and officials of the Ministry of sport and Youth and sport and Youth departments and managers of sport complexes. 18 subjects were selected as the sample by snowball and purposive sampling methods. The data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews; the participants were asked to comment on the effects of the coronavirus outbreak on the sport industry. Data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding to calculate the first and second level categories (axes) and their relationships. Based on the results of the analysis of the findings extracted from the interviews, two final dimensions of the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the dimensions of the sport industry were identified, which included direct and indirect effects. Accurate identification of the effects of coronavirus outbreak on the sport industry can help the process of adapting the activities of this industry to the current situation.